APS Member History

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	Name:	Dr. Hans Aarsleff
	Institution:	Princeton University
	Year Elected:	1994
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	406. Linguistics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1925

	Hans Aarsleff was born near Copenhagen, Denmark in 1925. He attended local schools and graduated cum laude from nearby state Gymnasium in 1943 with concentrations in math and natural science. He matriculated from the University of Copenhagen in fall 1943, having studed English and French literatures and languages with emphasis on philosophy and linguistics. He studied Old Norse, Old and Middle English, Latin, Gothic, French and Sanskrit. During 1944-45, he was trained in underground resistance to the German Occupation, on duty four weeks after May 4, 1945. In fall 1948 Aarsleff was admitted on one-year scholarship to graduate study in English at the University of Minnesota, where the most memorable courses were Robert Penn Warren's on the theory of the novel and the theory of poetry. Aarsleff studied with John W. Clark and Harold B. Allen, taught courses in linguistics and history of the language as assistant to Allen; and studied Hittite with Donald Swanson. During the summers of 1949, 1950, and 1951 he sold ice cream and hot dogs with traveling amusement parks in some states in the Midwest and the West, a very rich and instructive experience. He was an instructor in freshman English at Minnesota from 1942-56 while also working as a busboy in the University Hospitals. He earned his Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota in 1960. His dissertation on "The Study of Language in England, 1780-1860", published revised under the same title in January of 1967 (with a re-issue in 1983), features innovative introduction on contextual method in the history of scholarship and linguistics, a form of history this book, by virtue of its method, was among the first to initiate. For important information related to the method, see his essay on Koerner's historiography of linguistics in Anthropological Linguistics, March 1973. Dr. Aarsleff joined the faculty at Princeton University in 1956 as an instructor in the Department of English. He became a professor in 1972 and emeritus in 1998. At Princeton, he has taught courses in Early English literature, Chaucer, Old English, Old Norse, history of the language, and the history of linguistic thought, in addition to the entire spectrum of English and largely also American literature as preceptor in many courses. He has published on issues in intellectual history from the 16th century to the 20th, including eight entries in the Dictionary of Scientific Biography and essays on, among others, Locke, Leibniz, Descartes, Herder, Condillac, Humboldt, Taine, Saussure and Joseph Bedier. Some of these essays were later included in a book in 1982. In 1988 came his interpretive introduction to a new translation of Wilhelm von Humboldt's final and chief work on language; in 2001, the Cambridge University Press published his translation with introduction of Condillac's Essay on the Origin of Human Knowledge. He has also contributed on the philosophy of language to the forthcoming Cambridge History of Philosophy in the Eighteenth Century. In 1984, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, and in 1994 he was elected to the APS and to the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. His chief motive has always been to try to open up fresh ways of looking at things, to question and often to undermine received opinion, and to establish his positions on the grounds of wide and solid knowledge, on well-argued interpretation, and not least, on close attention to context - thus spurning questions - begging claims about climate and opinion as a mode of understanding. For these reasons, his work has often proved controversial, even heretical. But this is a mark of our times. In his years, scholarship has become steadily more compliant, more of the donkey-follow-donkey variety, without circumspection. It is common to see stuff that in notes refers to a slew of "see also" titles that are given without page references, the "see also" category thus easily comprising 2,000 pages or more. Very often, some or all of those titles contain material which, had the author read it, would have forced radical change in the author's argument and in its foundations. He finds good if not cheerful sense in what Max Planck called a "remarkable" fact he once learned in his work, namely that "a new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it."

	Name:	Dr. Julia Annas
	Institution:	University of Arizona
	Year Elected:	2013
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	406. Linguistics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1946

	Julia Annas is known for her work in ancient ethics and contemporary ethics, especially in the area of virtue ethics, where renewed interest in ancient ethics has stimulated many new developments. She studied the B.A. Literae Humaniores course at Oxford University (Greek and Latin language, literature, history and philosophy) and then received her Ph. D from Harvard University. She returned to Oxford and taught as a Lecturer and then Tutorial Fellow at St Hugh’s College for fifteen years, before becoming Professor (since 1995 Regents Professor) of Philosophy at the University of Arizona. She was the founding editor of Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy and has been joint editor for many years of the Oxford Aristotle monographs series. She has been a Senior Fellow of the Center for Hellenic Studies, President of the Pacific Division of the American Philosophical Association and a Getty Scholar. She is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Science, an Honorary Fellow of St Hugh’s College, Oxford and an Honorary Doctor of the University of Uppsala. She has published many books and articles over a wide range of topics in ancient philosophy, with increasing focus on the areas of epistemology and ethics. Her 1993 The Morality of Happiness explored the structure of ancient ethical theories, starting from Aristotle and establishing the general outline of a kind of theory in which virtue and happiness are the central concepts (this is now often called eudaimonist virtue theory). Her 1999 Platonic Ethics Old and New carried the project backwards, looking at ethics in Plato, and forwards, to the more academic ethics of later Platonists. In the last two decades her work has integrated historical study of ancient texts and engagement with the resurgent field of virtue ethics. Her 2011 Intelligent Virtue presents an outline of a contemporary theory in which virtue and happiness are central, which can meet several different philosophical objections and serve as a promising model of ethical theory. She continues to work mainly on contemporary and historical theories of virtue and happiness. Julia Annas was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2013.

	Name:	Dr. Kwame Anthony Appiah
	Institution:	New York University
	Year Elected:	2001
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	406. Linguistics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1954

	K. Anthony Appiah has written or edited a score of books: on race theory (where he is recognized as a leading thinker), on philosophy (where he has been called by reviewers "a pro's pro"), and even a series of detective fiction novels. His In My Father's House: Africa in the Philosophy of Culture has been translated into Portuguese and Japanese. It won the Herskovits Award of the African Studies Association for the best work published in English on Africa in 1993. Dr. Appiah taught at Yale, Cornell, Duke and Harvard Universities before moving to Princeton University, where he was Laurence S. Rockefeller Professor of Philosophy. In January 2014 he moved to New York University where he has joint appointments in the Department of Philosophy and the School of Law. He has received many academic honors, published numerous articles and reviews, presented public lectures and papers, holds several editorial positions and is a member of professional associations and committees. In 2008 he was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters. Dr. Appiah also served as co-editor of Encarta Africana, the first electronic encyclopedia on Africa and people of African descent. His latest books are Experiments in Ethics (2008) and The Honor Code: How Moral Revolutions Happen (2010). He was awarded the 2011 National Humanities Medal by President Obama.

	Name:	Dr. Kurt Baldinger
	Institution:	University of Heidelberg
	Year Elected:	1976
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	406. Linguistics
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1919
	Death Date:	unknown

	Born in Switzerland in 1919, Kurt Baldinger is an educator and linguist who, as a professor of Romance philology, has been associated with the University of Heidelberg (Ruprecht-Karl Universität) since 1957. He was a professor in Berlin from 1948-56 and served as director of the Institut für romanische Sprachwissenschaft of the Berlin Academy of Sciences from 1949-56. He is a member of the Akademie der Wissenschaften, Heidelberg, the Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften and the Société de Linguistique romane, among others. The author of a number of books, from Kollektivsuffixe und Kollektivebegriff (1950) to Teoria semántica: hacia una semántica moderna (1970), Dr. Baldinger also founded and edited the Dictionnaire étymologique de l'ancien français and served as editor-in-chief of the Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch.

	Name:	Dr. Brand Blanshard
	Year Elected:	1948
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	406. Linguistics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1892
	Death Date:	11/18/87

	Name:	Dr. Sheila E. Blumstein
	Institution:	Brown University
	Year Elected:	1999
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	406. Linguistics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1944

	Sheila E. Blumstein is the Albert D. Mead Professor of Cognitive and Linguistic Sciences at Brown University. A 1965 graduate of the University of Rochester, she received a Ph.D. in linguistics from Harvard University in 1970, and came to Brown one month later as assistant professor of linguistics. She was promoted to associate professor in 1976, became a full professor in 1981, and was named the Albert D. Mead Professor of Cognitive and Linguistic Sciences in 1991. She is also a research associate at the Harold Goodglass Aphasia Research Center. Dr. Blumstein has held a number of administrative positions at Brown including chair of the Department of Linguistics, founding chair of the Department of Cognitive and Linguistic Sciences, dean of the college, interim provost, and interim president. Dr. Blumstein's research is focused on the processes and mechanisms involved in language speaking and understanding and its neural basis. An internationally recognized expert in neurolinguistics and speech processing, Dr. Blumstein has received numerous academic honors, including a Guggenheim Fellowship, the Claude Pepper Investigator Award, a Radcliffe Institute Fellowship, and election as a Fellow of the Acoustical Society of America and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. She has served on a wide range of advisory and review committees for the National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation and has been an officer and member of the Academy of Aphasia and of the Linguistics section of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. She has served on the editorial boards of Cognition and Brain and Language and is currently an advisory editor to Brain and Language.

	Name:	Dr. Victoria Reifler Bricker
	Institution:	Tulane University
	Year Elected:	2002
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	406. Linguistics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1940

	Victoria R. Bricker received her Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1968. She joined the faculty of Tulane University in 1969 and became professor emerita of anthropology in 2006. Dr. Bricker's brilliant research has focused on the cultural and linguistic structure of the Maya, ancient and contemporary, with path-breaking studies of three domains: the forms of ritual humor found in modern Mayan cultures (1973); comparative analysis of Mayan insurrections against Spanish rule during the colonial and modern periods (1981); and the grammar of Mayan hieroglyphs (1986). More recently, she has focused her research on the hieroglyphs and iconography found in the Mayan codices - painted bark-cloth books - (1992), and she is now universally recognized as a preeminent world authority in this scholarly field. Dr. Bricker was been the series editor of the Supplement to the Handbook of Middle American Indians between 1977 and 2007. She was an editor for the American Ethnologist (1973-76) and book review editor of the American Anthropologist (1971-73). She is the author of Ritual Humor in Highland Chiapas (1973); The Indian Christ, the Indian King: The Historical Substrate of Maya Myth and Ritual (1981); A Grammar of Maya Hieroglyphs (1986); Papers on the Madrid Codex (1997; (with Eleuterio Po’ot Yah and Ofelia Dzul de Po’ot) A Dictionary of the Mayan Language as Spoken in Hocaba, Yucatan (1998); (with H. Bricker) "Zodiacal References in the Maya Codices," in The Sky in Mayan Literature (1992); "Color and texture in the Maya language of Yucatan," in Anthropological Linguistics (1999); (with Helga Maria Miram) "An Encounter of Two Worlds: The Book of Chilam Balam of Kaua (2002), and (with Harvey Bricker) Astronomy in the Maya Codices (2011) and Lunar Calendars of the Pre-Columbian Maya (2020); Transformational Journeys: An Ethnologist’s Memoir (2017) and A Historical Grammar of the Maya Language of Yucatan, 1557-2000 (2018). Victoria and Harvey Bricker are the 2011 recipients of the American Philosophical Society's John Frederick Lewis Award for Astronomy in the Maya Codices. She is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Anthropological Association, serving on its executive board from 1980-83. She was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2002.

	Name:	Dr. Tyler Burge
	Institution:	University of California, Los Angeles
	Year Elected:	2007
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	406. Linguistics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1946

	Tyler Burge is one of the leading contemporary figures in philosophy of mind, philosophy of language and epistemology. His work centers on the essential embeddedness of the individual subject in the social world of which he is a member, and the logical inseparability of ascriptions to an individual of thought, meaning, and knowledge from the objective facts of this social context - even when the individual is not fully aware of those facts. This is not just the evident empirical point that individuals acquire their concepts by social learning. It is a claim about the content of those concepts, and its logical dependence on the world around them and on other speakers of their language. This "anti-individualist" approach casts a new light on the way in which the mind is part of the world. It goes against a venerable tradition extending from Descartes through Frege. As Burge observes, it has some affinities with the tradition of Hegel. His work is also related to that of Hilary Putnam and Donald Davidson. He has explored the implications of these ideas not only for mental content but for meaning, for the objectivity of norms, and for self-knowledge - which is much more puzzling when the boundaries between the self and the world are complicated in this way. These writings are widely cited and very influential. He also has done serious work in the history of philosophy, notably on Frege and Kant. Dr. Burge is presently Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at the University of California, Los Angeles.

	Name:	Dr. Judith Butler
	Institution:	University of California, Berkeley
	Year Elected:	2007
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	406. Linguistics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1956

	Grounded in Continental philosophy, Judith Butler has become one of the most influential voices in the fields of feminist theory, literary criticism, social theory, ethics, and psychoanalysis. Her best-known book, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity, became a founding text for theoretical work in gender and sexuality through its critical readings of Simone de Beauvoir, Julia Kristeva, Sigmund Freud, Jacques Lacan, and Luce Irigaray. Perhaps the book's most significant choice was the use of J. L. Austin's concept of performativity as the basis for an understanding of the development of a gendered subjectivity not dependent on biological givens. Performativity becomes an increasingly powerful and flexible conceptual tool in Butler's subsequent, nuanced work on iterability and citation. Responding to postmodern and post-structuralist critiques of the self-evidence of identity, Dr. Butler has emerged as a public intellectual through her rigorous exploration of non-foundationalist approaches to issues of rights and representation. Over the past decade, her work has increasingly moved outward from gender and sexuality (while not letting go of its emphasis on those issues) to encompass broader questions of human rights, social theory, and ethics. Her more recent books explore hate speech, the politics of kinship, the problematics of universalism, and the efficacy and limitations of self-knowledge in the context of inequality. Those publications include Antigone's Claim: Kinship Between Life and Death (2000); (with E. Laclau, S. Zizek) Hegemony, Contingency, Universality (2000); Precarious Life: Powers of Violence and Mourning (2004); and Giving an Account of Oneself (2005). Judith Butler was awarded the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Distinguished Achievement Award for exemplary contributions to scholarship in the humanities in 2008. She is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2019). She has been Maxine Elliot Professor of Rhetoric, Comparative Literature, and Gender and Sexuality Studies at the University of California, Berkeley since 1993. She holds a Ph.D. from Yale University and has also served on the faculties of Wesleyan and Johns Hopkins Universities. Judith Butler was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2007.

	Name:	Dr. George Cardona
	Institution:	University of Pennsylvania
	Year Elected:	1997
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	406. Linguistics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1936

	A linguist and Indologist, George Cardona is supremely well versed both in the modern Indo-Aryan languages and what is known as "Hindu grammar": the activities which express the ancient Indian concern for the formal properties of the Sanskrit language and their ritual and philosophical significance. During his many stays in India, he has immersed himself both in the (exceedingly difficult) written texts and in the extant oral tradition. His publications include A Gujarati Reference Grammar (1965); Studies in Indian Grammarians, I (1969); Panini, A Survey of Research (1976); Linguistic Analysis and some Indian Traditions (1983); and Panini, His Work and its Traditions (1988). A member of the University of Pennyslvania faculty since 1960, Dr. Cardona currently holds the title of Professor of Linguistics Emeritus. He is a member of the American Oriental Society (president, 1989-90) and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences (1984).

	Name:	Dr. Nancy D. Cartwright
	Institution:	University of California, San Diego; Durham University
	Year Elected:	2004
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	406. Linguistics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1944

	Nancy Cartwright is one of the most distinguished philosophers of science currently active in the English-speaking world. There is a unifying theme that runs through the five books and many of the articles she has published. This theme concerns the inevitable nature of the approximations and of the limitations of what we can hope, even in principle, to accomplish in science. These ideas are developed not in terms of grand generalities but by detailed consideration of many examples from a great variety of disciplines, especially economics and physics. Her focus is also often on the significance of the positive results we can expect. She is best known for her extensive publications on the nature of causality and scientific laws. Dr. Cartwright has served as Professor of Philosophy at the London School of Economics and Political Science since 1991 and as Professor of Philosophy at the University of California, San Diego since 1998. She left LSE and joined the Philosophy Department at Durham University in autumn 2012, to set up a new Centre broadly concerned with "Knowledge, Culture and the Public Good". In addition to working at Durham University, she is Distinguished Professor at University of California, San Diego. She earned her Ph.D. from the University of Illinois in 1971.

	Name:	Dr. Harold F. Cherniss
	Year Elected:	1949
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	406. Linguistics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1904
	Death Date:	6/18/87

	Name:	Dr. Anna Morpurgo Davies
	Institution:	University of Oxford
	Year Elected:	1991
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	406. Linguistics
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1937
	Death Date:	September 27, 2014

	Anna Morpurgo Davies was born in 1937 in Milan (Italy) to Maria (née Castelnuovo), a teacher, and Augusto Morpurgo, an industrial engineer. Her father died when she was one and a half years old, and her mother moved with her four children to Rome, where they miraculously survived Mussolini's anti-Jewish laws and the year of German occupation. Anna took her first degree in classics and comparative philology at the University of Rome with a dissertation on Mycenaean declensions (1959), and she then served for two years as an assistant to the Chair of Greek and Latin Grammar before obtaining a Junior Fellowship at the Center for Hellenic Studies newly founded by Harvard University in Washington DC (1961-62). In 1962 she married J.K. Davies, a British ancient historian (marriage dissolved 1978), and moved to Oxford, England, where in 1964 she was appointed to a University Lectureship in Classical Philology and in 1966 to a Fellowship of St. Hilda's College (Hon. Fellow from 1972). In 1963 she obtained an Italian libera docenza. In 1971 she was elected to the Oxford Chair of Comparative Philology (renamed the Diebold Chair of Comparative Philology from 2003) and to a Fellowship of Somerville College; she retired in September 2004. She was a member of the British Academy and of the Academia Europaea, a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, a Corresponding Member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (Paris), of the Austrian Academy (Vienna) and of the Bavarian Academy (München). She was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1991. In 1981 she received an Hon. D.Litt. From the University of St. Andrews (Scotland) and from 1993 she was an Honorary Member of the Linguistic Society of America. She was the President of the (British) Philological Society from 1976-80 (Hon. Vice-President 1980-), and she served as Delegate of Oxford University Press for twelve years. In 2001 she was awarded an Honorary D.B.E. for services to philology and linguistics. She was a Visiting Professor at the University of Pennsylvania in 1971, at Yale University in 1977, at the University of California, Berkeley in 2006 and 2007, and the Sather Professor of Classical Literature at the University of California, Berkeley in 2000; she had also given a series of named lectures at the University of Cincinnati, Stanford University, Harvard University and the Scuola Normale di Pisa. In 1975 she was the Collitz Professor of the Linguistic Society of America. In broad terms her work was concerned with Indo-European comparative and historical linguistics, but she has mainly concentrated on three areas: the history and prehistory of Ancient Greek; the Indo-European languages of Anatolia and in particular Hieroglyphic Luwian (often in collaboration with J .D. Hawkins), the history of Nineteenth Century Linguistics. Her first book (1963) was a lexicon of Mycenaean Greek, the language of the Second Millennium B.C. clay tablets written in Linear B (a syllabic script deciphered in 1952) and found in Crete and the Peloponnese. She continued to work on Mycenaean all through her career. She had also written extensively on the ancient Greek dialects of the First Millennium B.C. and in general on Greek historical linguistics. Her Nineteenth Century Linguistics (1998) was preceded by an Italian version (1996). In 2004 she was presented with a Festschrift published by Oxford University Press (Indo-European Perspectives. Studies in Honour of Anna Morpurgo Davies, edited by J.H.W. Penney; also Morpurgo Davies, Anna in K. Brown, ed., Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 2006). For an autobiographical essay see K. Brown and V. Law eds., Linguistics in Britain: Personal Histories (Publications of the Philological Society, 36), Oxford 2002, pp. 213-227. Anna Morpurgo Davies died September 27, 2014 at the age of 77 in Oxford.

	Name:	Professor Cora Diamond
	Institution:	University of Virginia
	Year Elected:	2007
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	406. Linguistics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1935

	Cora Diamond is William R. Kenan Jr. Professor of Philosophy Emerita and Professor of Law Emerita at the University of Virginia. One of the most original and influential recent interpreters of both early (Tractatus-era) and late (Investigations-era) Wittgenstein, her work has inspired a whole new school (the "New Wittgenstein"), but she is also much more than that. Her essays range widely over issues in the philosophy of language, ethics, and literature and they illuminate everything that they touch. She is simultaneously a humanistic and an analytic philosopher, and her work has wide range and great power.

	Name:	Dr. John Dupré
	Institution:	University of Exeter
	Year Elected:	2023
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	406. Linguistics
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1952

	Born in England in 1952, John Dupré is a philosopher of science, specialising in the philosophy of biology, and a naturalistic metaphysician. He received his PhD from Cambridge in 1981, also spending two years on a Harkness Fellowship as a visiting PhD student at Princeton and Stanford. He taught at Stanford University from 1982-1996, since when he has been at the University of Exeter. At Exeter he restarted the philosophy programme that had been closed in the 1980s, and in 2002 became the founding Director of Egenis, the ESRC Centre for Genomics in Society, now the Centre for the Study of Life Sciences. Egenis is now internationally known as a centre for interdisciplinary research on the life sciences. Dupré’s 1993 book, The Disorder of Things: Metaphysical Foundations of the Disunity of Science, provided an influential critique of the essentialism, reductionism and determinism then still prevalent in post-positivist philosophy of science. In Human Nature and the Limits of Science (2001), he developed a detailed critique of reductive theories of human nature, especially as presented by Evolutionary Psychology. Since the mid-2000s, his work has focused on developing a radically processual account of the life sciences, first articulated in his Spinoza Lectures at the University of Amsterdam in 2006, and most recently extended to an interpretation of the nature of the human in his Gifford Lectures in Edinburgh in 2023. He has published numerous articles and books on these topics, and on evolution, genomics, values in science, race and gender, and a range of related issues in the philosophy of biology. Dupré was President of the Philosophy of Science Association for 2000-2002. He is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and an International Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2023.

	Name:	Dr. Dietz Otto Edzard
	Institution:	Institut für Assyriologie und Hethitologie, Universität München
	Year Elected:	1996
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	406. Linguistics
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1930
	Death Date:	June 2, 2004

	Name:	Dr. Elizabeth Anderson
	Institution:	University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
	Year Elected:	2021
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	406. Linguistics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1959

	Elizabeth Anderson is Arthur F. Thurnau Professor and John Dewey Distinguished University Professor of Philosophy and Women’s & Gender Studies at University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. In 1987, she earned her Ph.D. in Philosophy from Harvard University, and joined the Philosophy Department at University of Michigan. Professor Anderson designed University of Michigan’s Philosophy, Politics, and Economics program, and was its founding director. She has won fellowships from the ACLS and Guggenheim Foundations, was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the British Academy, served as President of the Central Division of the American Philosophical Association, and is a 2019 MacArthur Fellow. She is the author of Value in Ethics and Economics (Harvard UP, 1993), The Imperative of Integration (Princeton UP, 2010), Private Government (How Employers Rule our Lives, and Why We Don’t Talk About It) (Princeton UP, 2017) and numerous, widely reprinted articles in journals of philosophy, law, and economics. She specializes in moral and political philosophy, social and feminist epistemology, and the philosophy of the social sciences. She has written extensively on egalitarianism, the interaction of facts and values in social science research, the intersection of democratic theory and social epistemology, and pragmatism. Her current research reconsiders the history of the Protestant work ethic from the 17th century to 21st century neoliberalism.

	Name:	Dr. Murray B. Emeneau
	Institution:	University of California, Berkeley
	Year Elected:	1952
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	406. Linguistics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1904
	Death Date:	August 29, 2005

	Name:	Lord Oliver Shewell Franks
	Year Elected:	1949
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	406. Linguistics
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1905
	Death Date:	10/15/92

	Name:	Dr. Allan Gibbard
	Institution:	University of Michigan
	Year Elected:	2005
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	406. Linguistics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1942

	Allan Gibbard is Richard B. Brandt Distinguished University Professor of Philosophy at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. He is the author of Wise Choices, Apt Feelings (1990), Thinking How to Live (2003), and Reconciling Our Aims (2008), as well as articles on ethical theory, theory of social choice, and topics in decision theory, philosophy of language, epistemology, and metaphysics. His papers include \"Manipulation of Voting Schemes\" (1973); \"Contingent Identity\" (1975); \"Two Recent Theories of Conditionals\" (1981); \"Meaning and Normativity\" (1994); and \"Rational Credence and the Value of Truth” (2008)\". He earned a B.A. in mathematics from Swarthmore College in 1963 and a Ph.D. in philosophy at Harvard University in 1971. He taught mathematics and physics at Achimota School in Ghana in the U.S. Peace Corps and has taught philosophy at the University of Chicago, the University of Pittsburgh, and, since 1977, at the University of Michigan. He has held research fellowships from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Center for Advanced Studies in the Behavioral Sciences, the Rockefeller Foundation, the Guggenheim Foundation, and the American Council of Learned Societies. He is a Fellow of the Econometric Society, a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, a Member of the American Philosophical Society, a Membre Titulaire of the Institut International de Philosophie, and has been President of the Central Division of the American Philosophical Association. He is working on a book on the philosopical claim that the concepts of meaning and of mental content are normative concepts.

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